DSN Reference

DSN stands for Data Source Name (or Database Source Name) and defines how to connect to your database. The substreams-sink-sql tool expects a URL input that specifies the driver, connection details, and options.

General Format

The generic format of a DSN is:

<scheme>://<username>:<password>@<hostname>:<port>/<database_name>?<options>

The URL's scheme determines the database driver to use (postgres, clickhouse, etc.).

PostgreSQL

DSN Format

postgres://<user>:<password>@<host>:<port>/<database>?<options>
# Alternative schemes also supported:
psql://<user>:<password>@<host>:<port>/<database>?<options>

Examples

# Basic connection
postgres://myuser:mypassword@localhost:5432/mydatabase

# With SSL disabled
postgres://myuser:mypassword@localhost:5432/mydatabase?sslmode=disable

# With specific schema
postgres://myuser:mypassword@localhost:5432/mydatabase?schema=public

# Multiple options
postgres://myuser:mypassword@localhost:5432/mydatabase?sslmode=disable&schema=analytics

Supported Options

PostgreSQL DSN supports all options from libpq official documentation. Common options include:

• sslmode: SSL connection mode (disable, require, verify-ca, verify-full)

• schema: Select a particular schema within the database

• connect_timeout: Connection timeout in seconds

• application_name: Application name for connection tracking

Do not pass user, password, host, port, or dbname in the options query parameters as they are automatically extracted from the DSN URL.

ClickHouse

DSN Format

clickhouse://<user>:<password>@<host>:<port>/<database>?<options>

Examples

# Local ClickHouse (unencrypted)
clickhouse://default:@localhost:9000/default

# ClickHouse with authentication
clickhouse://myuser:mypassword@localhost:9000/mydatabase

# ClickHouse Cloud (encrypted)
clickhouse://default:[e-mail]:9440/default?secure=true

# With additional options
clickhouse://myuser:mypassword@localhost:9000/mydatabase?compress=true&debug=true

Port Configuration

Connection Type	Port	Description
Unencrypted	9000	Standard ClickHouse native protocol port
Encrypted (Cloud)	9440	Native protocol SSL/TLS port for ClickHouse Cloud
HTTP	8123	HTTP interface (not supported by substreams-sink-sql)
HTTPS	8443	HTTPS interface (not supported by substreams-sink-sql)

Supported Options

• secure: Enable TLS encryption (true/false)

• skip_verify: Skip TLS certificate verification (true/false)

• compress: Enable compression (true/false)

• debug: Enable debug logging (true/false)

ClickHouse Cloud Configuration

For ClickHouse Cloud, you must use:

• Port 9440 (Native protocol SSL/TLS port)

• secure=true option

• Often skip_verify=true for certificate issues

Example: clickhouse://default:[e-mail]:9440/default?secure=true

Environment Variable Substitution

DSN strings support environment variable substitution using the format ${VARIABLE_NAME}:

# Using environment variables
export DB_USER="myuser"
export DB_PASS="mypassword"
export DSN="postgres://${DB_USER}:${DB_PASS}@localhost:5432/mydatabase"

substreams-sink-sql from-proto $DSN ./substreams.yaml

Troubleshooting

Common Issues

ClickHouse "read: EOF" error:

• Add ?secure=true to your DSN for ClickHouse Cloud

• Ensure you're using port 9440 for encrypted connections

PostgreSQL connection refused:

• Verify the port (usually 5432)

• Check if sslmode=disable is needed for local development

Authentication failures:

• Ensure username and password are URL-encoded if they contain special characters

• Verify database user has appropriate permissions

URL Encoding

If your username, password, or database name contains special characters, they must be URL-encoded:

# Special characters in password
postgres://myuser:my%40password@localhost:5432/mydatabase

# Special characters in username  
postgres://my%2Buser:mypassword@localhost:5432/mydatabase